Main objective of this paper is to evaluate SUPPORTive policies of beef PRODUCERs during the first, second, third and fourth terms of Economic, Social, and Cultural Development Plans (1989 - 2008).To evaluate the policies, the PRODUCERs SUPPORT ESTIMATE (PSE) index and other indicators (PSE %, NPC & NAC) were used. Furthermore, percentages of PSE were calculated in different scenarios of exchange rate (such as black market exchange rate, purchase power parity (PPP) exchange rate, 5 percent increase in purchase power parity (PPP) exchange rate and 5 percent decrease in purchase power parity (PPP) exchange rate). The results presented that market price SUPPORT (MPS) of beef PRODUCERs had increasing trend during development plans, especially in the first and the second plans. The government’s budgetary payments (BP), on the other hand, presented decreasing trend from 4 billion Rls (local current) in the first development plan to 2 billion Rls in the fourth development plan. Furthermore, total SUPPORT ESTIMATE (PSE) of beef PRODUCERs increased during the fourth terms of development plans. It is concluded that share of MPS in total PRODUCERs SUPPORT ESTIMATE (PSE) is more than BP. The study results presented that, in all terms of the development plan (except for the first plan), percentages of PSE calculated by purchase power parity (PPP) exchange rate were higher than amounts calculated by black market exchange rate. PSE% was found sensitive to changes in the exchange rate.

In this study, first, methods of state interferences in wheat market are declared and then SUPPORT policies for PRODUCERs and consumers are measured and evaluated with OECD's indicators. The results indicated that PRODUCERs SUPPORT between 1373 and 1383 was positive and farm gate prices were higher than reference prices but consumer's SUPPORT /indicator was negative in this period.

SUPPORT for the agricultural sector is an integral part of the agricultural economy and Iran's climate conditions, along with price fluctuations in the production market and exchange rates, have doubled the importance of this SUPPORT for this sector. In this study, in order to ESTIMATE the level of SUPPORT for PRODUCERs and consumers of agricultural products in Iran, the indicators of Consumer SUPPORT ESTIMATE (CSE), PRODUCER SUPPORT ESTIMATE (PSE) and General Services SUPPORT ESTIMATE (GSSE) were used and due to the variety of agricultural products, the amount of SUPPORT for 12 crops, 7 horticultural products and 4 livestock products from 2001 to 2019 was ESTIMATEd. Following this, the pathology and restructuring of the SUPPORT sector was discussed based on the opinions of experts. The estimation of the amount of SUPPORT agricultural production was provided with indicated that PRODUCERs had paid an average of 162280 billion rials to the indirect tax community, and therefore SUPPORT for production within this sector was negative. On the other hand, there was considerable consumer SUPPORT through price suppression and an average of 9090 billion rials was SUPPORTed by consumers within the agricultural sector. Also, in recent years, due to sanctions, SUPPORT for the General Services Sector fell to a fixed price in 2011. Furthermore, in some product groups, the existence of high and unfair price margins has affected both consumption and production sectors and the SUPPORT for both groups has been negative. Expert analysis also reveals the need to reform and change policymaking and the paradigm used in this sector. This study proposes the abolishment of cheap food policies while increasing consumer purchasing power through compensation and direct payments. SUPPORT for young farmers can also bring significant prosperity to the agricultural sector.

The main goal of this research was an evaluate of wheat production's SUPPORT policy in Iran. For the purpose, PRODUCER SUPPORT ESTIMATE (PSE) indicator, which is an indication of the extent of direct and indirect government SUPPORT for wheat PRODUCERs, was used for the duration of 1989-2004 period. Results showed that this indicator increased from -126 billion Rls (local currency) in 1989 to 22900 billion Rls in 2004. Based upon the obtained results, it is proposed that policy makers reconsider the method of wheat PRODUCERs' subsidization and shift the agricultural policies in Iran from distributive transfer oriented ones towards productive policies to promote the competitiveness in the world markets.

From the past cotton has been introduced as one of the basic and strategic goods in Iran. Golestan province, during the past years has provided a large part of the nation's cotton requirement and has become one of the main poles of cultivation of this product. In this paper, the effects of SUPPORT policies on Golestan's cotton supply has been investigated by using variable of PRODUCER SUPPORT ESTIMATE of cotton to competing products and estimating irrigated and dryland acreage response equations through Nerlove's partial adjustment model. The results shows that the positive effect of PRODUCER SUPPORT ESTIMATE of cotton to its competing products on cotton acreage has been significant in both irrigated and dryland models. Supply elasticity’ s of this variable in the irrigated model is 0. 12 in short run and 0. 27 in long run. In dryland model, this elasticity is 0. 16 and 0. 26 respectively in short run and long run. According to the results, in addition to increasing the relative profitability of cotton compared to its competitors and reducing non-programing import, rising price and non-price SUPPORTs of cotton like guaranteed prices in order to motivate farmers to increase the supply of this product is suggested.

After the war with Iraq which ended in 1988, Iran implemented several agricultural SUPPORT policies based on Five-Year National Development Plans. The main objective of these plans in the agriculture sector was to make the agricultural economy more market-oriented and to encourage sustainable agriculture. This paper investigates the extent to which Iran's government has been able to achieve this objective in the case of wheat. For this purpose, PRODUCER SUPPORT ESTIMATE (PSE) and Consumer SUPPORT ESTIMATE (CSE) indicators for Iranian wheat are calculated and discussed. Generally, PRODUCERs’ and consumers’ SUPPORT is achieved chiefly by distorting market prices. As will be shown, from 1989 to 2006, the PSE increased about 20 times (in real prices), while the level of production increased 1.69 times. However, the PSE had no significant causal relationship with either wheat yield or its area under cultivation. With respect to consumers’ SUPPORT, this was found to be positive for Iranian wheat, a result that is uncommon for most developed and developing countries. Recent agricultural policies in Iran do not appear to encourage international competitiveness for wheat and are making the wheat economy more dependent on SUPPORT prices. We suggest that policy makers reconsider the method of subsidization and the pricing system, at least in the case of wheat.

In this research, we evaluate the SUPPORTive policies of the PRODUCER, pistachio consumer product. For this purpose, (PSE) and consumer SUPPORT ESTIMATEs (CSE) were used to ESTIMATE the amount of SUPPORT for the pistachio production and consumption sector during the years 1989 to 2014. The results of the SUPPORT of the PRODUCERs showed that the highest amount of SUPPORT from pistachio PRODUCERs to the fixed price of 1997 during the implementation of the third plan of economic development, amounting to 58282869. 6 Rials per hectare, and the lowest amount of SUPPORT from PRODUCERs related to the first economic development program, amounting to-3180782 Rials per hectare was obtained. The results SUPPORT the consumers of this product show that the highest average consumer protection rate for the fixed price of 1993 was numerical value of 2315. 5 Rials and the lowest numerical value is 86. 1 Rials per year in 2000. Based on the results obtained in this study, it is suggested that better policies, such as cheaper facilities, cheaper alternative fuels, and lower farm inputs, will be replaced.

Main objective of this paper is to investigate the impact of exchange rate misalignment on wheat’s PRODUCER ESTIMATEs (PSE), using the 1989-2007 period’s data. For this purpose, Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) along with the use of real exchange rate based on purchasing power party (PPP) was applied to ESTIMATE nominal equilibrium exchange rates. Then, by using market price SUPPORT percentage (MPS%) and PRODUCER SUPPORT ESTIMATE percentage (PSE%) measures, impact of exchange rates misalignment on wheat’s SUPPORT measures were evaluated. The result of the paper show that specific sector policies had positive impact while, exchange rates polices counteracted specific sector polices. Meanwhile with approaching the exchange rates toward its counterpart of the equilibrium exchange rates, specific - sector polices had a significant effect on MPS% and PSE% of wheat.

Agricultural protection has been Pursuant and contentious for many years. Agricultural sector has received more government attention compare to other sectors of economy, for many reasons such as agricultural substantive, highest risk production, food and nutrition security. To achieve the highest sustainable economic growth and employment and so on, farmers and agricultural sector are protected. In 2003 PRODUCERs SUPPORT across the GECD countries, as measured by the percentage PSE, accounted for 32% of farm receipts, a slight increase from 2002, but down from 37% in 1986-88. The PSE in 2003 is ESTIMATEd at US$257 billion, or € 229 billion. The share of the most production and trade distorting forms of SUPPORT - output and input linked SUPPORT - has declined from over 90% of PRODUCER SUPPORT in 1986-88to about 75% in 2001-03. There has also been a slight narrowing of the spread of SUPPORT levels between commodities. The still large share of output and input-linked SUPPORT encourages domestic production, distorts trade and contributes to depressing world prices of agricultural commodities. It is mentioned that policies targeted to specific objectives and beneficiaries. Agricultural policies in GECD countries sometimes Impose unnecessary costs on domestic consumers and taxpayers, and many SUPPORT policies put pressure on the environment and penalize competitive suppliers, including those in developing countries. In this paper, we are intended to compare and evaluate changes both in GECD agricultural policies and SUPPORT policy in IRAN. We emphasize necessary changes in the composition of SUPPORT are then considered. In the end, we proposed some policy tools.

Considering the importance of exchange rate misalignment in investigating agricultural SUPPORT policies, the impact of exchange rate misalignment on agricultural PRODUCER SUPPORT ESTIMATEs was studied. In this study, first, real exchange rate was calculated by using an Autoregressive Distributed Lag model (ARDL) and then long-run equilibrium exchange rate and the amount of misalignment were determined. Moreover, market price SUPPORT index and PRODUCER SUPPORT ESTIMATEs were calculated for selected crops (wheat, barley, corn, rice and dates) using nominal and equilibrium exchange rates. The impact of exchange rate misalignment on these indices was also ESTIMATEd. The equilibrium exchange rate was ESTIMATEd over 1973-2007 period and PRODUCER SUPPORT ESTIMATEs was calculated for period of 2002-2006. The results showed that agricultural SUPPORT levels were highly sensitive to alternative exchange rate assumptions. Exchange rate misalignment showed SUPPORT for agricultural PRODUCERs less than its actual value during the selected period (2002-2006). In addition, the impact of generalization of calculated PSE for selected products to the total agricultural production was in proportion to the share of selected commodities in the total value of agricultural production.